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📝 Abstract
Reliable detection and tracking in active sonar require accurate and efficient learning of the acoustic multipath background environment. Conventionally, background learning is performed after transforming measurements into the range-Doppler domain, a step that is computationally expensive and can obscure phase-coherent structure useful for monitoring and tracking. This paper proposes a framework for learning and tracking the multipath background directly in the raw measurement domain. Starting from a wideband Doppler linearization of the impulse response of a time-varying multipath channel, a state-space model with a heteroscedastic measurement equation is derived. This model enables channel tracking using an extended Kalman filter (EKF), and unknown model parameters are learned from the marginalized likelihood. The statistical adequacy of the proposed models is assessed via a p-value significance test. Finally, this paper integrates the learned channel model into a sequential likelihood-ratio test for target detection. BELLHOP-based simulations show that the proposed model better captures channel dynamics induced by sea-surface fluctuations and transmitter and receiver drift, yielding more reliable detection in time-varying shallow-water environments
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Accurate modeling of the multipath background is essential for reliable active-sonar detection and tracking. In shallow waters, repeated surface and bottom interactions produce strong reverberation and coherent multipath propagation whose statistics vary over time due to surface dynamics and platform drift. This nonstationarity makes estimating multipath background difficult, increasing false-alarm rates, and masking weak target returns. This, in turn, makes reliable detection and tracking difficult in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regimes [1], [2].
Classical sonar pipelines map the received time series to range-Doppler via matched filtering (often with Doppler filter banks) and apply constant false alarm rate (CFAR)type thresholding [3]- [5]. Their performance relies on the interference statistics being approximately stationary over the CFAR training window, an assumption that can This work was partially supported by the Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software Program (WASP) funded by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation.
Receiver Node Target Fig. 1: Illustration of the considered bistatic sonar scenario with a time-varying multipath channel.
break down under time-varying, reverberation-dominated multipath, leading to threshold mismatch and degraded detection.
For bistatic sonar, as illustrated in Fig. 1, the structured multipath background can evolve due to sensor-node drift and surface motion [2], [6]. Under such conditions, conventional range-Doppler processing requires frequent matched filtering, which causes a computational burden. In addition, Doppler mismatch and windowing can spread coherent multipath energy across range-Doppler bins, making background evolution harder to model. These effects motivate operating directly on raw measurements and explicitly tracking the time-varying multipath background.
Instead of operating in the range-Doppler domain, several approaches work directly with raw sensor measurements, enabling likelihood-based formulations such as track-before-detect, and bearing-only tracking using the maximum a posteriori (MAP) method. Operating directly with raw measurements has shown improved performance in low-SNR regimes [7], [8]. Moreover, rawdomain processing retains the phase-coherent structure of the received field.
In [9], weak targets are detected by tracking the timevarying channel impulse response (CIR) using a blockupdated sparse estimator. Even though such models achieve good performance, in high-reverberant environments with no structure and sparsity, model mismatch will limit performance. It can favor faster, non-structured adaptive updates, resulting in fewer target detections.
In this paper, a different approach for target detection is proposed. Instead of estimating the CIR and then computing the residuals for target detection, the time-varying multipath channel is tracked using an extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Using a wideband Doppler linearization approximation, the multipath background is modelled directly using the raw measurements. With this, a detector is designed for weak target detection based on the changes in the marginal likelihood of the measurements [2], [10]. Tracking the multipath channel is done by modeling the time-varying components using a heteroscedastic measurement model for the sensor measurements. Different models are proposed, and the significance of each of the models is ascertained by a p-value significance test. Hence, the resulting framework enables simultaneous tracking of the time-varying multipath background and detection of a target.
To that end, the main contributions of this paper are:
• A raw-measurement-domain background model for active sonar in which Doppler effects are captured through a physically interpretable, state-dependent covariance structure.
• A EKF-based framework for tracking the multipath channel, and learning hyperparameters in the proposed channel model.
• A simulation-based evaluation demonstrating the statistical adequacy of the proposed background model via p-value significance testing, and its impact on detection performance in time-varying environments. Reproducible research: The code and datasets used to generate the results in this paper are available at https://github.com/ASHKoul/Bcg_SLRT
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Consider the bistatic setup in Fig. 1. The received data consist of a time-varying multipath background and a possible target return. To enable likelihood-based target detection and tracking, the modeling of the multipath background, its statistical properties, and its time evolution has to be performed.
Let s(t) denote the transmitted waveform. A standard continuous-time multipath model for the received signal, in a noise-free environment, is
where τ i (t) and a i (t) are the time-varying delay and amplitude of the i th arrival, N p is the number of significant arrivals. In shallow water, these arrivals include the direct path and strong surface and bottom interactions, yielding a reverberation