A fundamental problem in technological studies is how to measure the evolution of technology. The literature has suggested several approaches to measuring the level of technology (or state-of-the-art) and changes in technology. However, the measurement of technological advances and technological evolution is often a complex and elusive topic in science. The study here starts by establishing a conceptual framework of technological evolution based on the theory of technological parasitism, in broad analogy with biology. Then, the measurement of the evolution of technology is modelled in terms of morphological changes within complex systems considering the interaction between a host technology and its subsystems of technology. The coefficient of evolutionary growth of the model here indicates the grade and type of the evolutionary route of a technology. This coefficient is quantified in real instances using historical data of farm tractor, freight locomotive and electricity generation technology in steam-powered plants and internal-combustion plants. Overall, then, it seems that the approach here is appropriate in grasping the typology of evolution of complex systems of technology and in predicting which technologies are likeliest to evolve rapidly.
Technical change has a vital role for economic growth of nations and many studies endeavor to explain its sources, dynamics, technology transfer, effects and evolutionary paths in society (Coccia, 2010a(Coccia, , 2015(Coccia, , 2017d) ) 1 . Patterns of technological innovation have been analyzed using many analogies with biological phenomena (Basalla, 1988;Farrell, 1993;Nelson and Winter, 1982;Solé et al., 2013;Sahal, 1981;Wagner, 2011;Ziman, 2000). Wagner and Rosen (2014) argue that the application of Darwinian and evolutionary biological thinking to different research fields has reduced the distance between life sciences and social sciences generating new approaches, such as the evolutionary theory of economic change (Nelson and Winter, 1982;cf., Dosi, 1988). In the research field of technical change, the measurement of technological advances is a central and enduring research theme to explain the dynamics of the evolution of technology and technological change (Coccia, 2005(Coccia, , 2005a)). Scholars in these research topics endeavor of measuring technological advances, the level of technological development and changes in technology with different approaches (Coccia, 2005;Dodson, 1985;Faust, 1990;Fisher and Pry, 1971;Farrell, 1993;Knight, 1985;Martino, 1985;Sahal, 1981;Wang et al., 2016). However, a technometrics that measures and assesses the comprehensive evolution of technology as a complex system of technologies is unknown.
This study confronts this problem by proposing a theory of measurement of the evolution of technology, based on interaction between technologies that may be useful for bringing a new perspective to explain and generalize, whenever possible, the long-run coevolution between technologies in complex systems. In order to position this paper in existing frameworks, the study here starts by establishing general notions of the theory of measurement and a theoretical framework of Coccia M. ( 2018) Measurement of the evolution of technology: A new perspective different approaches for measuring technological advances from engineering, economics and related disciplines. Moreover, in broad analogy with biology, a conceptual framework of the technological evolution is suggested: theory of technological parasitism (Coccia and Watts, 2018). Then, the technometrics of the evolution of technology is modeled in simple way in terms of morphological changes between a host technology and its technological subsystems. The coefficient of evolutionary growth of the proposed model is quantified in real instances using historical data. Overall, then, it seems that the technometrics here is appropriate in grasping the typology of the evolution of technology. This approach also provides fruitful information to predict which technologies are likeliest to evolve rapidly and lays a foundation for the development of more sophisticated concepts to measure and explain the general properties of the evolution of new technology.
Measurement assigns mathematical characteristics to conceptual entities. Caws (1959, pp. 4-5) argues that: “the result of a measurement is a proposition expressing a relation between a number and an object to which it is assigned . . . . the setting in order of a class of events with respect to its exhibition of a particular property, and this entails the discovery of an ordered class the elements of which can be put in one-to-one correlation with the events in question”. Stevens (1959, p. 19) claims that the measurement is: “the assignment of numeral 2 to objects or events”. Moreover, Russel (1937, p. 176) posits that: “Measurement demands some one-one relation between the numbers and magnitudes in question -a relation which may be direct or indirect, important or trivial, according the circumstances”.
In this research field, Campbell (1928) argues that direct measurement is possible only when the “axioms of additivity” can be shown to be isomorphic with the manipulations performed on objects:
length and weight are measurable in this way, whereas other magnitudes are measured with indirect measurement by means of numerical laws. In short, the definition of measurement can be generalized 2
The term “numeral” according to Stevens (1959, p. 19) refers to an element in a formal model, not to a particular mark on a particular piece of paper.
Coccia M. ( 2018) Measurement of the evolution of technology: A new perspective to consider the determination of any kind of relation between properties of objects or events. However in general, measurement is restricted to relations for which one or another property of the real number system might serve as a useful model (Stevens, 1959, p. 24). Wilks (1961) states that measurement should have some basic requirements:
-Operationally definable process by specifying a set of realizable experimental conditions and a sequence of operations to be made under these conditions, which will yield the measurement.
-Reproducibility of outcomes: repeating the pr
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