Multi-probe analysis of strong-field effects in $f(Q)$ gravity

Covariant $f(Q)$ gravity is a viable extension of General Relativity, however its strong-field predictions remain largely untested. Using the static, spherically symmetric black-hole solutions of the theory, we confront it with the most stringent probes available: black-hole shadows, Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) measurements, S2-star precession, and strong gravitational lensing. We show that the two admissible solution branches behave very differently: CaseI produces negligible deviations from Schwarzschild solution, whereas CaseII yields significant, potentially observable corrections to the photon sphere and shadow size. From the EHT shadow diameters of M87* and Sgr~A*, we obtain tight bounds, which are further strengthened by strong-lensing coefficients. These results provide the sharpest strong-field constraints on covariant $f(Q)$ gravity to date, and point toward future tests using next-generation horizon-scale imaging and precision Galactic-center astrometry.

💡 Research Summary

This paper presents the first comprehensive strong‑field test of covariant f(Q) gravity, a modified‑gravity framework in which gravitation is encoded solely in the non‑metricity scalar Q. The authors focus on static, spherically symmetric black‑hole solutions obtained in Ref.