Partial projected ensembles and spatiotemporal structure of information scrambling

Thermalisation and information scrambling in out-of-equilibrium quantum many-body systems are deeply intertwined: local subsystems dynamically approach thermal density matrices while their entropies track information spreading. Projected ensembles–ensembles of pure states conditioned on measurement outcomes of complementary subsystems–provide higher-order probes of thermalisation, converging at late times to universal maximum-entropy ensembles. In this work, we introduce the partial projected ensemble (PPE) as a framework to study how the spatiotemporal structure of scrambling is imprinted on projected ensembles. The PPE consists of an ensemble of mixed states induced on a subsystem by measurements on a spatially separated part of its complement, tracing out the remainder, naturally capturing scenarios involving discarded outcomes or noise-induced losses. We show that statistical fluctuations of the PPE faithfully track the causal lightcone of information spreading, revealing how scrambling dynamics are encoded in ensemble structure. In addition, we demonstrate that the probabilities of bit-string probabilities (PoPs) associated with the PPE exhibit distinct dynamical regimes and provide an experimentally accessible probe of scrambling. Both PPE fluctuations and PoPs display exponential sensitivity to the size of the discarded region, reflecting exponential degradation of quantum correlations under erasure. We substantiate these findings using the non-integrable kicked Ising chain, combining numerics in the ergodic regime with exact results at its self-dual point. We extend our analysis to a many-body localised (MBL) regime numerically, along with analytic results for the $\ell$-bit model. The linear and logarithmic lightcones characteristic of ergodic and MBL regimes emerge naturally from PPE dynamics, establishing it as a powerful tool for probing scrambling and deep thermalisation.

💡 Research Summary

The paper introduces the “partial projected ensemble” (PPE) as a novel framework for probing the spatiotemporal structure of information scrambling in isolated quantum many‑body systems. Starting from the well‑known projected ensemble (PE), which consists of pure states on a subsystem R conditioned on measurement outcomes on its complement, the authors generalize the construction by explicitly separating the complement into two parts: a measured region S and a discarded region E. The PPE is defined as the collection {p(o_S), ρ_R(o_S)} where ρ_R(o_S) is the mixed state of R obtained after projecting the full system onto a local basis state |o_S⟩ on S and tracing out E. This construction captures realistic scenarios where measurement outcomes are partially lost (e.g., due to noise, limited detector access) or deliberately ignored in post‑processing.

The central observable is the statistical fluctuation of the PPE, most simply quantified by the second moment ⟨Tr