대형 언어 모델을 활용한 동적 개인화 접근 제어 시스템

Can LLMs Make (Personalized) Access Control Decisions? Friederike Groschupp∗, Daniele Lain∗, Aritra Dhar†, Lara Magdalena Lazier†, Srdjan ˇCapkun∗ ∗Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, {friederike.groschupp, daniele.lain, srdjan.capkun}@inf.ethz.ch †Computing Systems Lab, Huawei Technologies Switzerland AG {aritra.dhar, lara.magdalena.lazier2}@huawei.com Abstract—Precise access control decisions are crucial to the security of both traditional applications and emerging agent- based systems. Typically, these decisions are made by users during app installation or at runtime. Due to the increasing complexity and automation of systems, making these access control decisions can add a significant cognitive load on users, often overloading them and leading to suboptimal or even arbitrary access control decisions. To address this problem, we propose to leverage the processing and reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) to make dynamic, context- aware decisions aligned with the user’s security preferences. For this purpose, we conducted a user study, which resulted in a dataset of 307 natural-language privacy statements and 14,682 access control decisions made by users. We then compare these decisions against those made by two versions of LLMs: a general and a personalized one, for which we also gathered user feedback on 1,446 of its decisions. Our results show that in general, LLMs can reflect users’ preferences well, achieving up to 86% accuracy when compared to the decision made by the majority of users. Our study also reveals a crucial trade-off in personalizing such a system: while providing user-specific privacy preferences to the LLM generally improves agreement with individual user decisions, adhering to those preferences can also violate some security best practices. Based on our findings, we discuss design and risk considerations for implementing a practical natural-language-based access control system that balances personalization, security, and utility. 1. Introduction With the rising capabilities of large language models (LLMs), they are increasingly employed to solve classical security problems, such as synthesizing firewall rules [1], detecting security bugs [2], or formal verification [3], among others. We turn our attention to access control, an area known for imposing a high cognitive burden on users [4], often resulting in suboptimal decisions [5], [6]. We investigate whether we can reduce this burden by relying on a state-of-the-art LLM to make personalized runtime decisions on behalf of the user. To reduce the setup cost of such a system, we want to avoid approaches that would require gathering a large set of data points from the user or require retraining or fine-tuning the model to learn the user’s preferences. Instead, we ask the user to provide their privacy statement, a short natural-language description of their access control preferences. The LLM then makes decisions based on this statement and the contextual factors surrounding an access request provided in its context, balancing user requirements and security considerations. Using LLMs to accurately reflect users’ privacy prefer- ences and make access control decisions is non-trivial and poses several challenges. First, the quality of the LLM infer- ence is often dependent on the input [7]. Therefore, poorly expressed privacy preferences may result in less accurate access control decisions. Second, it is well documented that self-reported behavior, specifically in the context of security, often suffers from bias [8] and the privacy paradox [9], [10], resulting in a divergence between reported preference and actual actions [11]. Third, limitations of LLMs, such as hallucinations [12] or biases [13] might lead to undesired decision making. In this work, we therefore ask the fol- lowing question: Can existing LLMs derive users’ privacy preferences from a few user-provided instructions and take access control decisions on behalf of the users? To answer this question, we conducted a user study to create a new dataset comprising users’ privacy preferences in natural language, their access-control decisions in a concrete scenario—permission requests from smartphone applications—and users’ feedback on the LLM’s decisions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first dataset comprising personal natural-language privacy statements and corresponding access control decisions. This dataset allows us to systematically evaluate LLM access-control decision-making in terms of agreement with average user judgment, individual user preferences, and general best practices. Our results show that LLMs can indeed reflect general human judgment in access control decisions, achieving up to 88% agreement with user majority decisions and mostly agreeing with standard security practices. However, individual personal differences lead to significant variation in agreement, with some users having as low as 27% agreement. Personaliz

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