Decomposition of the Inequality of Income Distribution by Income Types - Application for Romania

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📝 Original Info

  • Title: Decomposition of the Inequality of Income Distribution by Income Types - Application for Romania
  • ArXiv ID: 1709.07960
  • Date: 2017-09-26
  • Authors: Researchers from original ArXiv paper

📝 Abstract

This paper identifies the salient factors that characterize the inequality income distribution for Romania. Data analysis is rigorously carried out using sophisticated techniques borrowed from classical statistics (Theil). Decomposition of the inequalities measured by the Theil index is also performed. This study relies on an exhaustive (11.1 million records for 2014) data-set for total personal gross income of Romanian citizens.

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Deep Dive into Decomposition of the Inequality of Income Distribution by Income Types - Application for Romania.

This paper identifies the salient factors that characterize the inequality income distribution for Romania. Data analysis is rigorously carried out using sophisticated techniques borrowed from classical statistics (Theil). Decomposition of the inequalities measured by the Theil index is also performed. This study relies on an exhaustive (11.1 million records for 2014) data-set for total personal gross income of Romanian citizens.

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Decomposition of the Inequality of Income  Distribution by Income Types—Application    for Romania  Tudorel Andrei 1,*, Bogdan Oancea 2, Peter Richmond 3, Gurjeet Dhesi 4 and Claudiu Herteliu 1,*  1  Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies,    București 010374, Romania  2  Department of Economic and Administrative Sciences, University of Bucharest, București 050107,  Romania; bogdan.oancea@faa.unibuc.ro  3  School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; peter_richmond@ymail.com  4  School of Business, London South Bank University, London SE1 0AA, UK; dhesig@lsbu.ac.uk  *  Correspondence: andrei.tudorel@csie.ase.ro or andreitudorel@yahoo.com (T.A.);    hertz@csie.ase.ro or claudiu.herteliu@gmail.com (C.H.); Tel.: +40‐722‐455‐586 (C.H.)  Abstract: This paper identifies the salient factors that characterize the inequality income distribution  for Romania. Data analysis is rigorously carried out using sophisticated techniques borrowed from  classical  statistics  (Theil).  Decomposition  of  the  inequalities  measured  by  the  Theil  index  is  also  performed. This study relies on an exhaustive (11.1 million records for 2014) data‐set for total personal  gross income of Romanian citizens.  Keywords: income inequality; Theil index; disjoint groups; decomposition    1. Introduction  Many  analyses  of  income  distributions  have  been  made  over  the  years  by  economists  and  econophysicists (for example: [1–14]). Of special interest in all these analyses are income distribution  and income inequality (see for example: [15–27]). Several distribution functions have been proposed  to  describe  the  income  distribution,  of  which  the  lognormal‐Pareto  [28]  and  exponential‐Pareto  distributions [29,30] best fit the empirical data.  Romanian income distribution has been little studied. Using wage data from a social security  database for a county in Romania, Derzsy et al. [31] showed that in the upper tail, the distribution  follows a Pareto law with a coefficient of 2.5, while in the range of low and middle incomes, they found  that an exponential distribution fits the data. Similar results were obtained by Oancea et al. [29] using  tax records data for the entire population that received an income in Romania in 2013. Other studies  of the Romanian income distribution [32,33] used survey data and showed that income inequality in  Romania has grown over time.  In this paper, we use tax records data for 2014 in Romania to study income inequality using the  Theil index [34–36]. While there are other widely used measures of inequality like the Gini index or  the Lorenz curve, we are mainly interested in studying the extent to which income inequality can be  explained by different subgroups of populations. In this case, the advantages of the decomposable  measures of inequality make the Theil index the ideal candidate to be considered in our analysis [37].  We decompose the total income of a person by the source of income in wages and non‐wage income  (here we include social transfers, unemployment benefits etc.) and grouped the population by the  source of income. We then study the decomposition of the Theil index by population subgroups  starting with the guidelines presented in [37]. However, while Shorrocks [37] used a decomposition  for disjoint groups, our population groups overlap since individuals can earn income from multiple  sources during a year. Decomposition of inequality by income sources was studied in several papers  using  either  the  classical  method,  where  the  Theil  index  can  be  seen  as  a  weighted  average  of  inequality within subgroups, or the inequality between those subgroups examined via regression‐ based methods: [38–41] or [42–45]. In this paper, we introduce a new decomposition of the Theil index  where the population groups overlap.    2 of 12 

2. Problem Presentation  The income of an individual in a population has three possible sources: salary, capital, or other  sources like pensions, unemployment benefits, and social assistance. In Romania, every person who  was registered as having earned an income during 2014 earned money from one, two, or three of  these sources. In these conditions, the total population having an income during 2014 was divided  into the following seven categories of persons (Figure 1): persons who had their income only from a  single source of income (G1—salaries, G2—capital, and G3—other sources of income), persons who  earned income from two income categories (G4—salaries and other sources, G5—salaries and capital  income, and G6—capital income and other sources of income), and persons who earned money from  all three income sources (G7). Figure 1 shows the nature of the different incomes associated with  individuals in the different categories, G1 to G7.    Figure 1. The nature of the different incomes associated with individuals in the different categories,  G1 to G7.  Thus, w

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