📝 Abstract

The paper considers the problem of the extremely low frequency magnetic field radiation generated by the tablet computers. Accordingly, the measurement of the magnetic field radiation from a set of tablets is carried out. Furthermore, the measurement results are analyzed and clustered according to the K-Medians algorithm to obtain different magnetic field ranges. The obtained cluster ranges are evaluated according to the reference level proposed by the TCO standard in order to define dangerous areas in the neighborhood of tablet, which are established during the typical work with tablet computers. Analysis shows that dangerous areas correspond to specific inner components of tablet, and gives suggestions to users for a safe usage of tablet and to companies producing tablet components for limiting the risk of magnetic field exposure.

💡 Analysis

The paper considers the problem of the extremely low frequency magnetic field radiation generated by the tablet computers. Accordingly, the measurement of the magnetic field radiation from a set of tablets is carried out. Furthermore, the measurement results are analyzed and clustered according to the K-Medians algorithm to obtain different magnetic field ranges. The obtained cluster ranges are evaluated according to the reference level proposed by the TCO standard in order to define dangerous areas in the neighborhood of tablet, which are established during the typical work with tablet computers. Analysis shows that dangerous areas correspond to specific inner components of tablet, and gives suggestions to users for a safe usage of tablet and to companies producing tablet components for limiting the risk of magnetic field exposure.

📄 Content

DETECTION OF DANGEROUS MAGNETIC FIELD RANGES FROM TABLETS BY CLUSTERING ANALYSIS

Darko Brodić

       Alessia Amelio 
              Technical Faculty in Bor  

                           DIMES 
          University of Belgrade, Serbia 


  University of Calabria, Italy 
               dbrodic@tfbor.bg.ac.rs  

               aamelio@dimes.unical.it 

Abstract The paper considers the problem of the extremely low frequency magnetic field radiation generated by the tablet computers. Accordingly, the measurement of the magnetic field radiation from a set of tablets is carried out. Furthermore, the measurement results are analyzed and clustered according to the K-Medians algorithm to obtain different magnetic field ranges. The obtained cluster ranges are evaluated according to the reference level proposed by the TCO standard in order to define dangerous areas in the neighborhood of tablet, which are established during the typical work with tablet computers. Analysis shows that dangerous areas correspond to specific inner components of tablet, and gives suggestions to users for a safe usage of tablet and to companies producing tablet components for limiting the risk of magnetic field exposure.

Keywords: TCO standard, tablet, clustering, K-Medians, magnetic field, measurement.

INTRODUCTION The humans are constantly exposed to
various kinds of magnetic field radiation. Essentially, the source of the magnetic field dictates the characteristics of the magnetic field. The magnetic fields’ sources can be natural or artificial. A natural sourced magnetic field is created by the Earth. It has constant amplitude and frequency. On the contrary, the artificial magnetic field varies all the time. Artificial magnetic field is a consequence of technology development. In its lower frequency part, it spreads over the Extremely Low Frequency (ELF), i.e. between 30 and 300 Hz.
Tablet is a highly portable mobile computer. It includes a touchscreen, battery, and motherboard with the included circuitry. Also, it is equipped with additional components like: microphone, loudspeaker, cameras, and a variety of sensors. Its screen is at least 7” wide. If it has no keyboard supplied with, then it is typically called booklet. Otherwise, it is called convertible tablet. It radiates a magnetic field like any other computer.
Many standards have proposed to use electronic devices in the safe way. One of the most spread is the TCO standard. It prescribed the measurement geometry and test procedure. It proposed that the safe limit of the ELF magnetic field radiation is bounded to 200 nT. The measurement geometry includes the measurement points at 0.30 m in front of and around the tablet computer [1]. Many researchers in their studies have pointed out the dangers of the emitted magnetic field to the human’s health [2], [3]. Accordingly, they have proposed different safe limits of the ELF magnetic field radiation as 0.2 µT [3], 0.4 µT [2], and 1 µT [4]. In this paper, we use the reference proposed by TCO standard equal to 0.2 µT above which there is a danger to the human’s health.
We explore the elements of the ELF magnetic field radiation initiated by tablet devices. Although some researchers explored the dangerous effect of laptop on human’s health [5], [6], [7], to the best of our knowledge, nobody has explored the problem linked with the tablet computers yet. They come into the focus because of their common using characteristics:

(1) Wide-spreading, (2) High portability, and (3) Tendency to be used in close contact with the users’ body.
Taking into account all aforementioned, the researching in this direction is of great importance to the human’s health preservation.
In this paper, we take into account 6 different tablets in order to measure their ELF magnetic field radiation. Then, we cluster the magnetic field measuring values by K- Medians algorithm to designate magnetic field ranges associated to the dangerous areas of the tablet.
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 explains the measurement procedure. Section 3 presents the result of the measurement and clustering. Section 4 discusses the obtained results. Section 5 draws conclusions.

MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE Magnetic field. The magnetic field is established around its emitter. If it is uniform [5], then it is calculated as:

B(r) = Bx·x + By·y + Bz·z, (1)

where x, y and z are the positional vectors, which are orthogonal to each other and Bx, By and Bz represent the magnitudes of the magnetic flux density in the direction of these vectors, respectively. The measuring devices measure the above scalar components of the magnetic flux density B. Hence, the root mean square (RMS) of the magnetic flux density B can be calculated as:

2 2 2 ( ) x y z B B B B

                (2)

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