📝 Abstract

One of the objectives of the pedestrian analysis is to evaluate the effects of proposed policy on the pedestrian facilities before its implementation. The implementation of a policy without pedestrian analysis might lead to a very costly trial and error due to the implementation cost (i.e. user cost, construction time and cost, etc.). On the other hand, using good analysis tools, the trial and error of policy could be done in the analysis level. Once the analysis could prove a good performance, the implementation of the policy is straightforward. The problem is how to evaluate the impact of the policy quantitatively toward the behavior of pedestrians before its implementation. Since the interaction of pedestrians cannot be well address using a macroscopic level of analysis, a microscopic level of analysis is the choice. However, the analytical solution of the microscopic pedestrian model is very difficult and simulation models are more practical approach. To evaluate the impact of the policy quantitatively toward the behavior of pedestrians before its implementation, a microscopic pedestrian simulation model was developed. The model was based on physical forces, which work upon each pedestrian dynamically. To demonstrate the numerical analysis of the model, an experimental policy on pedestrian crossing was performed. The simulation results showed that the keep right policy or the lane-like segregation policy is inclined to be superior to do minimum or mix-lane policy in terms of average speed, average delay and dissipation time.

💡 Analysis

One of the objectives of the pedestrian analysis is to evaluate the effects of proposed policy on the pedestrian facilities before its implementation. The implementation of a policy without pedestrian analysis might lead to a very costly trial and error due to the implementation cost (i.e. user cost, construction time and cost, etc.). On the other hand, using good analysis tools, the trial and error of policy could be done in the analysis level. Once the analysis could prove a good performance, the implementation of the policy is straightforward. The problem is how to evaluate the impact of the policy quantitatively toward the behavior of pedestrians before its implementation. Since the interaction of pedestrians cannot be well address using a macroscopic level of analysis, a microscopic level of analysis is the choice. However, the analytical solution of the microscopic pedestrian model is very difficult and simulation models are more practical approach. To evaluate the impact of the policy quantitatively toward the behavior of pedestrians before its implementation, a microscopic pedestrian simulation model was developed. The model was based on physical forces, which work upon each pedestrian dynamically. To demonstrate the numerical analysis of the model, an experimental policy on pedestrian crossing was performed. The simulation results showed that the keep right policy or the lane-like segregation policy is inclined to be superior to do minimum or mix-lane policy in terms of average speed, average delay and dissipation time.

📄 Content

1 MICROSCOPIC PEDESTRIAN SIMULATION MODEL TO EVALUATE “LANE-LIKE SEGREGATION” OF PEDESTRIAN CROSSING* By Kardi TEKNOMO**, Yasushi TAKEYAMA*** and Hajime INAMURA****

• Key Words: Pedestrian, Simulation, Microscopic, Crossing ** Student Member of JSCE, M. Eng., Doctoral student, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University Japan *** Member of JSCE, Dr. Eng., Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University Japan **** Fellow Member of JSCE, Dr. Eng., Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University Japan (Aoba 06, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579; Tel: 022-217-7505;{kardi, takeyama, inamura}@plan.civil.tohoku.ac.jp)

1. INTRODUCTION One of the objectives of the pedestrian analysis is to evaluate the effects of proposed policy on the pedestrian facilities before its implementation. The implementation of a policy without pedestrian analysis might lead to a very costly trial and error due to the implementation cost (i.e. user cost, construction time and cost, etc.). On the other hand, using good analysis tools, the trial and error of policy could be done in the analysis level. Once the analysis could prove a good performance, the implementation of the policy is straightforward. The problem is how to evaluate the impact of the policy quantitatively toward the behavior of pedestrians before its implementation. Since the interaction of pedestrians cannot be well address using a macroscopic level of analysis, a microscopic level of analysis is the choice. However, the analytical solution of the microscopic pedestrian model is very difficult and simulation models are more practical approach1). A Microscopic Pedestrian Simulation Model (MPSM) is a computer simulation model of the pedestrian movement where every pedestrian in the model is treated as an individual. There are many types of MPSM and most of them do not relate with each other. Gipps2) and Okazaki3) have discussed the microscopic simulation using cost and benefit cell and the magnetic force model, respectively. Social force model was developed by Helbing4), while Blue and Adler5), developed a cellular automata model for pedestrians. The use of microscopic pedestrian simulation for evacuation purposes was developed by several authors6)7)8). They used a queuing network model for the MPSM. The microscopic pedestrian simulation model developed in this paper is a physical based model similar to the social force or magnetic force model with forward and repulsion forces as the main force driver. The detail of the model, however, is somewhat different from those two models since it does not require target time as an input to the model. Exactly the opposite of the fact, the dissipation time is the output of the model, similar to the Evacuation models. Compared to other physical based models that use continuous approach, our simulation model, is a discrete event simulation without the queuing theory. Compared to the cellular automata model that uses much heuristic approach, physical based models contain more physical meanings than merely a computational advantage. Though the simulation model has much advantage to evaluate some policies quantitatively, the model has some limitation as merely numerical experiment rather than complete real world simulation. The next section describes in more detail about the development of the simulation model, section 3 discusses about the experiments of “lane-like segregation” policy on the crossing, followed with the results of the experiments in section 4.
2. MODEL DEVELOPMENT Pedestrians in the microscopic simulation model are modeled as autonomous objects to be seen from above of the facilities. A pedestrian is modeled as a circle with a certain radius (uniform for all pedestrians). Each pedestrian has its own initial location, initial time, and initial velocity and predetermined target location (opposite to the initial location). These inputs can be determine by the user as a design experiment or specified randomly. A forward force drives pedestrian movements when there is no other pedestrian in the facility. The forward force makes the pedestrian path almost in a straight line. The model uses a difference equation. A discrete model is used to avoid numerical integration due to a non-constant acceleration. The time t represents the simulation clock that can be calibrated later into real time. If the current location, velocity and acceleration are denoted by vector, ) (t p , ) (t v and ) (t a , respectively, the basic dynamical model is given by ) ( ) ( )1 ( t t t v p p

= + (1) ) ( )1 ( ) ( t t t v v a − +

(2) An intended velocity is equivalent to a vector that will direct the pedestrian from the current position into the target position. Since acceleration can be seen as the difference of velocities, it is equal to the difference between intended velocity and the current velocity. However, the acceleration is also corresponding to force (mass is a constant). Thus, the force is equivalent to the 2 diffe

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