Toward a Science of Autonomy for Physical Systems: Defense

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📝 Abstract

Militaries around the world have long been cognizant of the potential benefits associated with autonomous systems both in the conduct of warfare and in its prevention. This has lead to the declaration by some that this technology will lead to a fundamental change in the ways in which war is conducted, i.e., a revolution in military affairs (RMA) not unlike gunpowder, the long bow, the rifled bullet, the aircraft carrier, etc. Indeed the United States has created roadmaps for robotics with ever-increasing autonomous capability that span almost 40 years. These systems span air, sea, sea surface, littoral, ground and subterranean environments. There are serious societal and ethical concerns associated with the deployment of this technology that remain unaddressed. How can sufficient protection be afforded noncombatants? What about civilian blowback, where this technology may end up being used in policing operations against domestic groups? How can we protect the fundamental human rights of all involved? Considerable discussion is being conducted at an international level, including at the United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) over the past two years, debating if and how such systems, particularly lethal platforms should be banned or regulated.

💡 Analysis

Militaries around the world have long been cognizant of the potential benefits associated with autonomous systems both in the conduct of warfare and in its prevention. This has lead to the declaration by some that this technology will lead to a fundamental change in the ways in which war is conducted, i.e., a revolution in military affairs (RMA) not unlike gunpowder, the long bow, the rifled bullet, the aircraft carrier, etc. Indeed the United States has created roadmaps for robotics with ever-increasing autonomous capability that span almost 40 years. These systems span air, sea, sea surface, littoral, ground and subterranean environments. There are serious societal and ethical concerns associated with the deployment of this technology that remain unaddressed. How can sufficient protection be afforded noncombatants? What about civilian blowback, where this technology may end up being used in policing operations against domestic groups? How can we protect the fundamental human rights of all involved? Considerable discussion is being conducted at an international level, including at the United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) over the past two years, debating if and how such systems, particularly lethal platforms should be banned or regulated.

📄 Content

Toward  a  Science  of  Autonomy  for  Physical  Systems:   Defense      

  Ronald  C.  Arkin       arkin@cc.gatech.edu   Georgia  Institute  of  Technology                    

                                                                  Gaurav  S.  Sukhatme   gaurav@usc.edu   University  of  Southern  California  

  Computing  Community  Consortium   Version  1:    June  23,  20151    

  Once  more  unto  the  breach…  

  Militaries   around   the   world   have   long   been   cognizant   of   the   potential   benefits   associated   with   autonomous   systems   both   in   the   conduct   of   warfare   and   in   its   prevention.  This  has  lead  to  the  declaration  by  some  that  this  technology  will  lead  to   a  fundamental  change  in  the  ways  in  which  war  is  conducted,  i.e.,  a  revolution  in   military   affairs   (RMA)   not   unlike   gunpowder,   the   long   bow,   the   rifled   bullet,   the   aircraft   carrier,   etc.     Indeed   the   United   States   has   created   roadmaps   for   robotics   with   ever-­‐increasing   autonomous   capability   that   span   almost   40   years2  These   systems  span  air,  sea,  sea  surface,  littoral,  ground  and  subterranean  environments.  

  Why   the   interest?   What   advantages   do   autonomous   systems   afford   the   military?   There  are  many,  some  of  which  include:     • Force  multiplication  where  one  warfighter  may  now  be  able  to  do  the  task  of   many,   reducing   the   overall   number   of   soldiers   required   for   a   military   operation.  This  argues  favorably  both  from  an  economic  perspective  as  well   as  the  ability  to  avoid  conscription,  a  politically  indelicate  issue.   • Autonomous   systems   allow   for   an   expansion   of   the   battlespace,   where   operations   involving   greater   persistence   and   longer   endurance   can   be   conducted  over  larger  areas  provide  a  strategic  advantage.   • Extending  the  individual  warfighter’s  reach  allows  the  individual  soldier  to   see  further  and  strike  further  than  would  be  otherwise  available,  increasing   standoff  distance  from  enemy  threats.   • The  net  effect  is  a  potential  reduction  in  friendly  casualties  

 

                                                                                                                1  Contact:  Ann  Drobnis,  Director,  Computing  Community  Consortium  (202-­‐266-­‐2936,   adrobnis@cra.org).       For  the  most  recent  version  of  this  essay,  as  well  as  related  essays,  please  visit:   cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-­‐led-­‐white-­‐papers  

  2Unmanned  Systems  Integrated  Roadmap:  2013-­‐2028,  http://www.defense.gov/pubs/DOD-­‐ USRM-­‐2013.pdf  ;  United  States  Air  Force  Unmanned  Aircraft  Systems  Flight  Plan  2009-­‐ 2047,  http://fas.org/irp/program/collect/uas_2009.pdf,  accessed  May  20,  2015.  

 

  2   There  are  serious  societal  and  ethical  concerns  associated  with  the  deployment  of   this  technology  that  remain  unaddressed.  How  can  sufficient  protection  be  afforded   noncombatants?    What  about  civilian  blowback,  where  this  technology  may  end  up   being  used  in  policing  operations  against  domestic  groups?  How  can  we  protect  the   fundamental   human   rights   of   all   involved?     Considerable   discussion   is   being   conducted  at  an  international  level,  including  at  the  United  Nations  Convention  on   Certain  Conventional  Weapons  (CCW)  over  the  past  two  years,  debating  if  and  how   such  systems,  particularly  lethal  platforms  should  be  banned  or  regulated.     Part  of  the  problem  lies  in  the  definition  of  autonomy  –  it  is  far  from  universally   agreed  upon.    A  high-­‐level  definition  is  a  good  starti

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