📝 Original Info
- Title: Gum 48d: an evolved HII region with ongoing star formation
- ArXiv ID: 0903.0934
- Date: 2010-01-15
- Authors: Researchers from original ArXiv paper
📝 Abstract
High mass star formation and the evolution of HII regions have a substantial impact on the morphology and star formation history of molecular clouds. The HII region Gum 48d, located in the Centaurus Arm at a distance of 3.5 kpc, is an old, well evolved HII region whose ionizing stars have moved off the main sequence. As such, it represents a phase in the evolution of HII regions that is less well studied than the earlier, more energetic, main sequence phase. In this paper we use multi-wavelength archive data from a variety of sources to perform a detailed study of this interesting region. Morphologically, Gum 48d displays a ring-like faint HII region associated with diffuse emission from the associated PDR, and is formed from part of a large, massive molecular cloud complex. There is extensive ongoing star formation in the region, at scales ranging from low to high mass, which is consistent with triggered star formation scenarios. We investigate the dynamical history and evolution of this region, and conclude that the original HII region was once larger and more energetic than the faint region currently seen. The proposed history of this molecular cloud complex is one of multiple, linked generations of star formation, over a period of 10 Myr. Gum 48d differs significantly in morphology and star formation that the other HII regions in the molecular cloud; these differences are likely the result of the advanced age of the region, and its different evolutionary status.
💡 Deep Analysis
Deep Dive into Gum 48d: an evolved HII region with ongoing star formation.
High mass star formation and the evolution of HII regions have a substantial impact on the morphology and star formation history of molecular clouds. The HII region Gum 48d, located in the Centaurus Arm at a distance of 3.5 kpc, is an old, well evolved HII region whose ionizing stars have moved off the main sequence. As such, it represents a phase in the evolution of HII regions that is less well studied than the earlier, more energetic, main sequence phase. In this paper we use multi-wavelength archive data from a variety of sources to perform a detailed study of this interesting region. Morphologically, Gum 48d displays a ring-like faint HII region associated with diffuse emission from the associated PDR, and is formed from part of a large, massive molecular cloud complex. There is extensive ongoing star formation in the region, at scales ranging from low to high mass, which is consistent with triggered star formation scenarios. We investigate the dynamical history and evolution of t
📄 Full Content
High mass star formation has a profound impact on the interstellar medium, through a combination of effects including ionizing radiation and expanding HII regions, stellar winds and supernovae. The effects and appearance of high mass star formation vary dramatically throughout the evolution of an OB star. When a high mass star begins burning hydrogen, it produces significant amounts of UV radiation, which immediately start to ionize the surrounding neutral and molecular gas. At very early stages, the star is still heavily embedded in its natal cloud, surrounded by a small (0.1 pc) ultra-compact HII region (UCHII), and visible only at radio and infrared wavelengths. The region then expands into a classic HII region. At this phase of evolution, the OB star(s) are surrounded by a hot bubble of ionized gas, the Stromgren Sphere, initially a few parsecs in size, which due to the pressure imbalance expands into the ambient medium and compresses the surrounding molecular material.
The HII region, now several parsecs or more in size, is bright in both radio (free-free and recombination line emission) and optical (particularly Hα emission). The heating of dust grains in the vicinity of the region leads to bright emission from dust in the mid to far-infrared, particularly in the photodissociation region (PDR) between the ionized and molecular gas. If the star forming region contains multiple OB stars, the HII region can evolve into a giant HII region as individual HII regions combine to form an extended, often irregularly shaped ionized region up to 100 pc in diameter. Ongoing star formation is generally seen surrounding the HII region.
During the main sequence and later post-main sequence phase the ionizing stars can experience significant mass loss in the form of super-sonic stellar winds. These winds expand into the already ionized HII region, creating a stellar wind bubble, and eventually deposit their mechanical energy into the surrounding ISM (Arthur 2007). In the final stages, supernova explosions from the OB stars can expand into the combined HII region/stellar wind bubble, further disrupting the remnants of the original molecular cloud (Garcia-Segura and Franco 1996).
At the very end of the HII region evolutionary sequence only the remnants of the violent disruptions of the molecular cloud remain; shells and super shells of neutral material that have been swept up through the combined effects of the HII region, stellar winds and supernova remnants, eventually slowing down and fragmenting (Tenorio-Tagle and Bodenheimer 1988). By this point, the presence of the initial high mass ionizing stars is inferred from the shape of the ISM, as the ionizing stars have long since progressed through the main sequence to the later stages of evolution, to supernovae, to the point where even the SNR are no longer readily observable.
The detailed effects of high mass star formation on the ISM and on subsequent star formation activity are complex and contradictory. The expanding HII region, stellar winds and supernovae will eventually combine to disrupt the natal molecular cloud. At shorter timescales there is a significant influx of energy into the cloud, increasing turbulence as well as potentially truncating circumstellar disks. On the other hand, HII regions have long been thought to enhance star formation in molecular clouds through triggered or sequential star formation (Elmegreen 1998). The expanding HII region can compress existing overdensities in the molecular material, leading to instability and collapse; the RDI or radiatively driven implosion model (Lefloch and Lazareff 1994). Alternatively, a shell of material can be swept up around the expanding ionized region, eventually becoming unstable, fragmenting and collapsing into new stars; the collect and collapse model (Elmegreen and Lada 1977). Quantifying the effects of an HII region of the star formation rate of a region (or even attempting to ‘prove’ a proposed example of triggered star formation), is non-trivial, and in the case of an individual HII region often inconclusive.
The classic HII region, ionized by one or more stars, is to date the best studied of the various stages of evolution of the HII region, due to its high brightness, relatively large size and the fraction of the lifetime of an HII region spent in this phase. The UC/CHII phase is relatively short (a few 10 5 years) compared to the classic/giant HII region phase, which is on the order of the main sequence lifetime of the ionizing stars: approximately 1-7 x 10 6 years depending on the initial masses of the stars.
The shorter lived post main sequence phase involves a change in the effective spectral type of the star and a corresponding drop in the total flux of ionizing photons compared to the main sequence, resulting in an extended but fainter HII region in the radio and optical. The later phases, including the SN phase, are transitory. The final remnant shell phase is longer lived but obse
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