Modeling Visual Information Processing in Brain: A Computer Vision Point of View and Approach

We live in the Information Age, and information has become a critically important component of our life. The success of the Internet made huge amounts of it easily available and accessible to everyone. To keep the flow of this information manageable,…

Authors: ** - **Emanuel Diamant** – VIDI‑mant, P.O. Box 933, 55100 Kiriat Ono

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