The origin of the numerals that we inherited from the arabo-Islamic civilization remained one enigma. The hypothesis of the Indian origin remained, with controversies, without serious rival. It was the dominant hypothesis since more of one century. Its partisans found to it and constructed a lot of arguments. The testimonies of the medieval authors have been interpreted to its advantage. The opposite opinions have been dismissed and ignored. An amalgam between the history of our modern numerals and the Indian mathematics history is made. Rational contradictions often passed under silence. A meticulous observation of the numerals permits to affirm that our numerals are in fact more or less modified Arabic letters. The "Ghubari" shape of the numerals shows that the symbol of a numeral corresponds to the Arabic letter whose numerical value is equal to this numeral. The numerals don't have a simple resemblance with some Arabic letters, but every number looks like the Arabic letter whose numerical value is equal to this numeral. The elements of the ''Abjadi'' calculation gives us a theoretical support, independent of the letters and numerals, witch explains our observation. Besides a re-lecture of the testimonies of the medieval authors, particularly the testimony of Al-Biruni, that is probably at the origin of all others testimonies speaking of the Indian origin of the numerals, is in agreement with the fact that our numerals are Arabic letters. We have there a second way concerning the origin of our modern numerals that is only to its beginnings. The deepened researches are necessary to understand the history of our numerals better. A rigorous re-lecture of the medieval testimonies with a new mind imposes itself.
Deep Dive into Origin of the numerals, Al biruni testimony.
The origin of the numerals that we inherited from the arabo-Islamic civilization remained one enigma. The hypothesis of the Indian origin remained, with controversies, without serious rival. It was the dominant hypothesis since more of one century. Its partisans found to it and constructed a lot of arguments. The testimonies of the medieval authors have been interpreted to its advantage. The opposite opinions have been dismissed and ignored. An amalgam between the history of our modern numerals and the Indian mathematics history is made. Rational contradictions often passed under silence. A meticulous observation of the numerals permits to affirm that our numerals are in fact more or less modified Arabic letters. The “Ghubari” shape of the numerals shows that the symbol of a numeral corresponds to the Arabic letter whose numerical value is equal to this numeral. The numerals don’t have a simple resemblance with some Arabic letters, but every number looks like the Arabic letter whose nu
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Origin of the numerals
Al-Biruni’s testimony
Ahmed Boucenna
Laboratoire DAC, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences,
Ferhat Abbas University 19000 Stif, Algeria
aboucenna@wissal.dz aboucenna@yahoo.com
Abstract
The origin of the numerals that we inherited from the arabo-Islamic civilization remained one
enigma. The hypothesis of the Indian origin remained, with controversies, without serious
rival. It was the dominant hypothesis since more of one century. Its partisans found to it and
constructed a lot of arguments. The testimonies of the medieval authors have been interpreted
to its advantage. The opposite opinions have been dismissed and ignored. An amalgam
between the history of our modern numerals and the Indian mathematics history is made.
Rational contradictions often passed under silence.
A meticulous observation of the numerals permits to affirm that our numerals are in fact more
or less modified Arabic letters. The “Ghubari” shape of the numerals shows that the symbol of
a numeral corresponds to the Arabic letter whose numerical value is equal to this numeral.
The numerals don’t have a simple resemblance with some Arabic letters, but every number
looks like the Arabic letter whose numerical value is equal to this numeral. The elements of
the ‘‘Abjadi’’ calculation gives us a theoretical support, independent of the letters and
numerals, witch explains our observation. Besides a re-lecture of the testimonies of the
medieval authors, particularly the testimony of Al-Biruni, that is probably at the origin of all
others testimonies speaking of the Indian origin of the numerals, is in agreement with the fact
that our numerals are Arabic letters.
We have there a second way concerning the origin of our modern numerals that is only to its
beginnings. The deepened researches are necessary to understand the history of our numerals
better. A rigorous re-lecture of the medieval testimonies with a new mind imposes itself.
MCS : 01A30
Keywords : “Ghubari” numeral, modern numeral, “Mashriki” numeral, Arabic letters, Hebrew
letters, letter numerical value, “Abjadi” order,
Résumé
L’origine des chiffres que nous avons hérité de la civilisation arabo-islamique est restée une
énigme. L’hypothèse de l’origine indienne est restée, avec des controverses, sans rival
sérieux. Elle fut l’hypothèse dominante depuis plus d’un siècle. Ses partisans lui ont trouvé et
construit beaucoup d’arguments. Les témoignages des auteurs médiévaux ont été interprétés à
son avantage. Les avis contraire ont été purement et simplement écartés voire ignorés. Un
amalgame entre l’histoire de nos chiffres modernes et l’histoire des mathématiques indiennes
est fait. Les contradictions rationnelles sont souvent passées sous silence.
Une observation méticuleuse des chiffres permet d’affirmer que nos chiffres ne sont en fait
que des lettres arabes plus ou moins modifiées. La forme “Ghubari” des chiffres montre que le
symbole du chiffre correspond à la lettre arabe dont la valeur numérique est égale à ce chiffre.
Les chiffres n’ont pas une simple ressemblance avec certaines lettres arabes, mais chaque
chiffre ressemble à la lettre arabe dont la valeur numérique est égale à ce chiffre. Les éléments
du calcul ‘‘Abjadi’’ nous donne un support théorique indépendant des lettres et des chiffres
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qui explique notre observation. De plus une relecture des témoignages des auteurs médiévaux,
particulièrement le témoignage d’Al-Biruni, qui est probablement à l’origine de tous les
autres témoignages parlant de l’origine indienne des chiffres, est en parfait accord avec le fait
que nos chiffres sont des lettres arabes.
Nous avons là une deuxième voie concernant l’origine de nos chiffres modernes qui n’est
qu’à ses débuts. Des recherches approfondies sont nécessaires pour mieux comprendre
l’histoire de nos chiffres. Une relecture rigoureuse des témoignages médiévaux avec un
nouvel esprit s’impose.
- Introduction
Before approaching the question of the origin of the modern numerals, let us first begin by
recalling the following terminology. In this work, we designate by :
- Modern numerals or Arabic modern numerals, the numerals whose symbols are the
following: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, which are used in Sciences and Technologies.
- “Mashriki” numerals, or Arabic “Mashriki” numerals, whose symbols are:
٠ ١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ٧ ٨ ٩
which are currently used, up to now, in Middle East.
- “Ghubari” numerals, which are the ancestors of the modern numerals, were often used,
during the Middle Ages, in Maghreb (North Africa) and Spain, at the time when the Arabic
Muslim civilization was flourishing.
It is well established that the principle of local value was used by the Babylonians much
earlier than by the Hindus [Cantor 1907] and that the Maya of Central America used the
principle and symbols for zero in a well-
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