Impact of atmospheric impairments on mmWave based outdoor communication
Substantial growth of demand for mobile data and rapidly increasing spread of personal communication devices such as smart phones and tablets is the major challenge faced by the mobile service providers in recent years. The allotted spectrum for the …
Authors: Pavithra Nagaraj
Im pa ct of at m o sp heric i m pa ir m e nt s o n m m Wa v e ba sed o utdoo r co m m uni ca tion Pav i t hr a N ag ar a j P G S ch o la r , Dig ita l C o mmu n i ca tio n E n g in ee r in g , Dep a r tmen t o f E lectro n ics a n d C o mmu n ica tio n E n g in ee r in g , B MS C o lleg e o f E n g in ee r in g , I n d ia A bst rac t Su b s ta n tial g r o w t h o f d e m a n d f o r m o b ile d ata an d r ap id l y i n cr ea s i n g s p r ea d o f p er s o n a l co m m u n icatio n d ev ice s s u c h as s m ar t p h o n es a n d tab lets is t h e m aj o r ch alle n g e f ac ed b y th e m o b ile s er v ice p r o v id er s in r ec en t y ea r s . T h e allo tte d s p ec tr u m f o r th e cu r r e n tl y o p er atin g m o b ile co m m u n icati on s y s te m s h av e b ee n s atu r ate d in th e last f e w y ea r s b y s u c h a co n s id er ab le r ate th at th e f u tu r e ’ s f i f t h g e n er atio n n et w o r k wo u ld n o t b e ab le to o p er ate w it h o u t a p p l y i n g n e w f r eq u e n cie s . I n ac co r d an ce w it h th e co n ce p t o f 5 G, m ill i m e ter w a v e f r eq u en c y b an d w ill a ls o b e u s e d alo n g w it h t h e c u r r en t l y u s ed f r eq u en c y b a n d s . I n th i s p ar ti cu lar s p ec tr u m h o w e v er , a n e w a n d m o s t s ig n i f ica n t at ten u atio n f ac to r d u e to p r ec ip itati o n an d at m o s p h er ic ab s o r p tio n i s in tr o d u ce d . I n th is p ap er th e ef f ec t s o f p r ec ip itatio n , f o g an d at m o s p h er ic ab s o r p tio n o n m illi m eter w a v e p r o p ag atio n a r e in v es tig a ted u s i n g M A T L AB . K ey wo rds : mi lli m eter w a v e, r ain atte n u at io n In tr od u c tion W ith th e s u b s ta n tial g r o w t h o f d em a n d f o r m o b ile tr af f ic , th e tr ad e - o f f b et w ee n ca p ac it y r eq u ir e m e n t an d s p ec tr u m s h o r tag e b ec o m es i n cr ea s i n g l y p r o m i n en t. C u r r en t m o b ile co m m u n icatio n s er v ices ( 3 G an d 4 G as w ell) u s e ca r r i er f r eq u en c ies r a n g in g f r o m 7 0 0 MH z to 2 . 6 GHz f o r m o b ile d ata tr af f ic. T h e s ev er al d if f er en t co m m u n ica tio n s y s te m s h o w ev er , co v er t h is s p ec tr u m w it h d is j o in t f r eq u e n c y b a n d s leav i n g n ar r o w p iece s o f u n u s ed f r eq u e n cies s ca tter ed in t h e 2 GHz r an g e [ 3 ] . T h e b o ttlen ec k o f w ir eles s b an d w id th b ec o m e s a k e y p r o b le m o f t h e n e x t g e n er atio n w ir eless n e t w o r k s [4 ] . T h e tr e m en d o u s a m o u n t o f r a w b an d w id th at m m W a v e f r eq u e n c y b an d ca n d eliv er m u ltip le Gig ab its p er s ec o n d ( Gb p s ) d a ta r ates an d ca n r elie v e th e m o b ile d ata tr a f f ic co n g est io n i n l o w er f r eq u en c y b a n d s [ 5 ] . 5 G ce ll u lar s y s te m s ar e l ik el y to o p er ate in o r ar o u n d th e m il li m ete r w a v e ( m m W a v e) f r e q u en c y b an d o f 3 0 - 3 0 0 GHz as s h o w n i n Fi g . 1 , w h er e v a s t s p ec tr u m c u r r en tl y e x is t s i n l ig h t u s e [6 ] . Milli m e ter w a v e f r eq u e n cies h av e m u c h s m a l ler w a v ele n g th s , r a n g i n g f r o m 1 m m to 1 0 m m , al m o s t co m p a r ab le to th e s ize o f a h u m a n f i n g er n ail, w h e r ea s 4 G f r eq u e n cies h a v e w av e len g t h s t h at ar e ten s o f ce n ti m eter s. S m a ller w av elen g t h s at th e s e f r eq u e n cie s h av e o f te n b ee n th o u g h t to r esu lt i n h i g h er atten u a tio n ( d u e to th e p r ec ip itatio n an d o x y g e n ab s o r p tio n ) th r o u g h air , t h a n th a t o b s er v ed at to d a y ’ s ce l lu lar b an d s . P r o p ag atio n lo s s is m o r e i n m m W a v e b an d co m p ar ed to th e lo w m icr o w a v e r eg i m e. Fig . 1 . 3 GHz - 3 0 0 GHz m m- W a v e s p ec tr u m Un til r ec en tl y , m m W a v e f r eq u en cie s s p an n i n g f r o m 3 0 GHz to 300 GHz w er e n o t co n s id er ed u s e f u l in d y n a m ic co m m u n icatio n e n v ir o n m e n t s s u c h as ce llu lar s y s te m s . Milli m eter w a v e s h a v e b ee n u s ed b r o ad ly f o r lo n g d is ta n ce p o in t - to - p o in t co m m u n icatio n i n s a tellite a n d ter r estrial ap p licati o n s [7 ] , n o w t h e y ar e b ein g in v e s ti g ated a n d d ev elo p ed f o r co m m er cial ce ll u lar s y s te m s . T h is n o v e l ap p licatio n i s m u ch m o r e ch alle n g in g d u e to th e u n p r ed ictab le p r o p ag atio n en v ir o n m e n t s an d s tr ict co n s t r ain ts o n t h e attr ib u tes li k e c o s t, s ize, an d p o w er co n s u m p tio n ( p ar ticu lar l y i n th e m o b i le h an d s e t) . T h e p r o p ag atio n p r o p e r ties f o r m m W av e b an d ar e w id el y d i ff er en t f r o m t h o s e o f lo w er f r eq u en c y b an d s . R ai n in d u ce d s i g n a l atten u atio n is m o s t s i g n i fi ca n t f o r ter r estria l m icr o w a v e li n k s w h ich o p er ate at f r eq u en cie s h i g h er t h a n 10 GHz . R ain in d u ce d atte n u a tio n s e v er el y d eg r ad e s th e r ad io w a v e p r o p ag atio n at ce n ti m et er o r m illi m eter w a v ele n g th s d u e to ab s o r p tio n an d s ca t ter i n g o f r ad io w av e s , w h ich r esu lt in r ed u ctio n o f t h e r ec eiv ed s ig n al le v el, f u r th er r estrict s t h e r an g e o f r ad io co m m u n icatio n s y s te m s an d h e n ce li m i ts t h e u s e o f h i g h er f r eq u e n cie s f o r l in e - of - s i g h t m icr o w av e li n k s . I n ad d itio n to t h e r ai n at ten u atio n , atte n u atio n d u e to at m o s p h er ic g ase s , s cin till atio n a n d at ten u a tio n d u e to f o g ar e m o s t s ig n i f ica n t f ac to r s w h ic h af f e ct th e u s e o f m i lli m eter w a v e f r eq u en c ies. So , in o r d er to ai d th e d ev elo p m en t o f m m W a v e s y s te m s , t h e p r o p ag atio n c h ar ac ter is tics o f m m W a v e w ir ele s s c h an n el s n ee d to b e c h ar ac ter ized , m o d el l ed an d ev al u at ed b y d ed icate d r esear ch . I n th i s p r o j ec t, w e i n te n d to in v e s ti g ate th e e f f ec t s o f t h e p r o p ag atio n f ac to r s s u c h a s atten u atio n b y r ai n an d f o g , s cin t illatio n , atte n u atio n d u e t o w ater v ap o u r an d o x y g e n a b s o r p tio n o n m m W a v e f r eq u en cies. S u itab le f r eq u en cie s f o r in d o o r an d o u td o o r c o m m u n ic atio n ar e esti m ated d ep en d in g o n th e atte n u a tio n le v els . P r op agation f ac tor s T h e ch ar ac ter is tics o f m ill i m e t er w av e co m m u n icatio n s s h o u ld b e co n s id er ed in th e d esig n o f ar ch itect u r e an d p r o to co ls to f u ll y e x p lo it th e ir p o ten tial. I n th e f o llo w i n g s u b s ec t io n s w e p r ese n t an d s u m m ar ize t h e ch ar ac ter is tics a n d p r o p ag atio n f ac to r s o f m illi m eter f r eq u en c y b a n d . F re e s p ace p at h l os s T h e p ath lo s s ca n b e d e fin ed a s t h e r atio o f th e tr an s m it p o w er to t h e r ec ei v ed s i g n al p o w er a s a f u n ctio n o f t h e Tx - R x s ep ar atio n d i s tan ce . A g o o d p ath lo s s m o d el is e s s e n t ial f o r t h e an a l y s is o f li n k b u d g et an d n et w o r k p la n n in g . T h e f r ee s p ac e p at h lo s s ( FS P L ) , wh ich is th e p ath lo s s f o r t w o i s o tr o p ic an ten n as p lace d in f r ee s p ac e s ep ar ated b y a d is tan ce d , is g i v e n b y Her e, it is s ee n t h at th e f r ee s p ac e p ath lo s s is p r o p o r tio n al to s q u ar e o f th e ca r r ier f r eq u en c y , i.e . FS P L ∝ , r esu ltin g in a m u c h m o r e s e v er e FS P L f o r m m W a v e s y s te m s . Fo r t y p ical r ad io ap p licatio n s , th e f r eq u en c y f is co m m o n l y m ea s u r ed in ter m s o f GHz a n d d is tan ce d is m ea s u r ed i n ter m s o f K m , i n th is ca s e t h e f r ee s p ac e p r o p ag atio n lo s s eq u atio n b ec o m e s Fig . 2 s h o w s t h e f r ee s p ac e p ath l o s s at 2 . 4 , 2 8 an d 1 0 0 GHz , as f u n ct io n o f Tx - R x s ep ar atio n d is ta n ce . Fig .2 . Fre e s p ac e p ath lo s s at 2 . 4 , 2 8 an d 1 0 0 GHz as f u n ctio n o f d is ta n ce . Fig . 3 . Fre e s p a ce p ath lo s s at T - R d is tan ce o f 1 0 0 m , 1 K m an d 1 0 K m as f u n ctio n o f f r eq u en c y C o m p ar ed to th e f r ee s p ac e p a th lo s s f o r a g iv e n d is ta n ce at 2 . 4 GHz , th e FS P L is ab o u t 2 2 d B lar g e r f o r 2 8 GHz an d ab o u t 3 2 d B lar g er f o r 1 0 0 GHz. Fig . 3 s h o w s t h e f r ee s p ac e p ath lo s s a t T x - R x s ep ar atio n d is tan ce ( R an g e) o f 1 0 0 m , 1 K m a n d 1 0 K m , a s f u n ct io n o f f r eq u en c y . C o m p ar ed to th e f r ee s p ac e p a th lo s s f o r a g i v e n f r eq u e n c y at 1 0 0 m s ep ar atio n d is tan ce , t h e FS P L is ab o u t 2 0 d B lar g er f o r 1 K m a n d ab o u t 4 2 d B lar g er f o r 1 0 K m . B o th t h e Fi g . 2 an d Fig . 3 ill u s tr ates t h at th e p ath lo s s in cr ea s es w it h r an g e a n d f r eq u en c y . Propaga t i on L oss due t o R ai n T h e f r ee s p ac e p ath lo s s d escr ib es o n l y a p ar t o f s ig n al at ten u a tio n w h ich o cc u r s w h ile tr av ell in g in v ac u u m . B u t in r ea lit y , s i g n al s d o n o t tr av el in v ac u u m ; Si g n als i n ter ac t w i th p ar ticles in th e air an d lo s e en er g y as t h e y tr av e l alo n g t h e p r o p ag atio n p ath . T h e atten u at i o n v ar ies w it h d i f f er e n t f ac to r s s u c h as te m p er atu r e, w ater d en s it y a n d p r ess u re . R ain i s u s u a ll y c h ar ac ter ized b y th e r ai n r ate ( in m m / h r ) . T h e r ain r ates f o r d if f er en t w ea t h e r co n d itio n s ar e lis ted b elo w , Ver y lig h t r ai n ( Dr izzle ) < 0 . 2 5 m m / h r , L i g h t r ain – 0 . 2 5 m m /h r to 1 m m /h r , Mo d er ate r ain – 1 m m /h r to 4 m m /h r , Hea v y r ai n – 4 m m /h r to 1 6 m m / h r , E x tr e m e r ai n – 1 6 m m / h r to 5 0 m m / h r , T o r r en tial r ain > 5 0 m m / h r . I n ad d itio n , r ain atte n u atio n is also a f u n ct io n o f t h e s h ap e o f th e r ain d r o p , its r elativ e s ize co m p ar ed to th e R F s i g n al w a v ele n g t h a n d th e s i g n al p o lar izatio n . Fig . 4 s h o w s t h e R ain atten u atio n i n d B /K m ac r o s s th e f r eq u en c y b a n d at d if f er en t r ain f al l r ates as p er th e I T U r ec o m m e n d ed m o d el [ 1 0 ]. I n g e n er al, h o r izo n tal p o lar izatio n r ep r esen ts t h e w o r s t ca s e f o r p r o p ag atio n lo s s d u e to r ai n . Si n ce w e ar e co n s id er ed th e w o r s t ca s e s ce n ar io to in v e s ti g ate th e atte n u atio n d u e to r ain , th e p o lar is atio n is a s s u m ed to b e h o r iz o n tal an d h en ce t h e tilt an g le is ze r o . I n ad d itio n , ass u m in g th a t th e s i g n al p r o p ag ates p ar allel to th e g r o u n d , th e elev a tio n an g le i s ze r o . T h e r an g e o f 1 K m is co n s id er ed . Fig . 4 . R ai n atte n u at io n i n d B /K m ac r o s s t h e f r eq u e n c y b an d at d if f er e n t r ain f all r ates Fro m Fi g . 4 w e ca n in ter p r et th at r ain atte n u atio n i s m o r e at f r eq u en cie s ab o v e 1 0 0 GHz . So , th e h ig h er m m W a v e f r eq u en c ies ar e n o t s u itab le f o r o u td o o r co m m u n icatio n . A s th e r ain f all r ate i n cr ea s e s , th e atten u atio n le v el al s o in cr ea s e s . Hen ce , r ain co u ld b e a m aj o r li m iti n g f ac to r f o r m m W a v e co m m u n icatio n s , esp ec iall y w h e n o p er a tin g ab o v e 1 0 GHz . W e ca n o b s er v e th at a h ea v y r ai n f all ca n ca u s e ar o u n d 5 d B /k m atten u atio n at 2 8 GHz . Propaga t i on L oss due t o F og C lo u d a n d f o g ar e al s o s tr u ctu r ed b y w ater d r o p lets b u t o f m u c h s m aller s ize co m p ar ed t o th at o f r ai n d r o p s . T h e s ize o f th e f o g d r o p lets ar e g en er all y l ess er th a n 0 . 0 1 c m . Fo g i s u s u a ll y c h ar ac ter ized b y t w o p ar a m eter s - liq u id w ater d en s it y a n d at m o s p h er ic te m p er atu r e. A m ed iu m f o g w i th v i s ib ilit y o f ap p r o x i m atel y 3 0 0 m e te r s , h as a liq u id w ater d en s it y o f 0 . 0 5 g / m ^3 . Fo r h ea v y f o g w h er e th e v is ib ilit y d r o p s to 5 0 m eter s , liq u id w ater d en s it y is a r o u n d 0 . 5 g / m ^3 . T h e at m o s p h er ic te m p er atu r e ( i n d eg r ee C elsi u s ) i s also p r esen t i n th e I T U r ec o m m en d ed m o d el f o r p r o p ag atio n lo s s es d u e to f o g an d clo u d [ 1 1 ] . P ath lo s s d u e to clo u d an d f o g ar e u s u a ll y m i n o r , b u t m a y b e cr u cial i n a f e w r ar e ca s es. T h e f o llo w in g Fi g . 5 illu s tr at es h o w th e atte n u a tio n d u e to f o g v ar ies w i th f r eq u en c y . T h e s ta n d ar d at m o s p h er i c te m p er atu r e is ta k e n as 1 5 d eg r ee C elsi u s as p er th e I T U m o d el. A s t h e le v el o f li q u id w a t er d en s it y te n d s to i n cr ea s e, th e atten u atio n also i n cr ea s e s . Fro m t h e f i g u r e w e ca n in f er t h at th e atte n u atio n ca u s ed d u e to clo u d s a n d f o g m a y b e a f ac to r o f i m p o r tan ce esp ec iall y f o r m icr o w av e s y s te m s w ell ab o v e 1 0 GHz. Fig . 5 . Fo g atte n u atio n i n d B /Km ac r o s s t h e f r eq u e n c y b a n d at d if f er e n t liq u id w ater d en s iti es. Propaga t i on L oss due t o A t m o sphe ri c Ga se s E v en i n th e ab s e n ce o f r ain a n d f o g , t h e at m o s p h er e is f u ll o f g ases t h at s till d eg r ad e th e s ig n al p r o p ag atio n alo n g th e p r o p ag atio n p ath . T h e I T U r ec o m m e n d ed m o d el f o r atte n u atio n d u e to at m o s p h er ic g a s es , d escr ib es at m o s p h er ic g a s atten u atio n as a f u n ct io n o f d r y air p r ess u r e, li k e o x y g e n , m ea s u r ed i n h P a, an d w ate r v ap o u r d en s it y , m ea s u r ed i n g / m ^3 [1 2 ] . T h e s tan d ar d atm o s p h er ic p r ess u r e i s 1 0 1 3 2 5 P a at a s tan d ar d te m p er atu r e o f 1 5 d eg r ee C elsi u s . Fig . 6 s h o w s at m o s p h er ic atte n u at io n at d if f er en t f r eq u e n ci es ass u m in g a d r y air p r ess u r e o f 1 0 1 3 . 2 5 h P a at 1 5 d eg r e es C elsi u s , a n d a w ater v ap o u r d en s it y o f 7 . 5 g / m ^3 . Fig . 6 . A t m o s p h er ic g a s atte n u atio n at d if f er en t f r eq u e n c y b a n d s . T h e g r ee n cir cle s h o w s t h at t h e f r e q u e n cie s r an g i n g f r o m 2 8 an d 3 8 GHz en co u n ter v er y s m all atte n u atio n d u e to g a s , p r o v id in g f ea s ib ilit y o f mmW av e co m m u n icat io n at s u c h f r eq u en c ies. I t ca n b e o b s e r v ed th at n e g li g ib le a t m o s p h er ic ab s o r p tio n is en co u n ter ed at 2 8 GHz an d 3 8 GHz , as w ell as in 7 0 - 9 0 GHz , 1 2 0 - 1 7 0 GHz an d 2 0 0 - 2 8 0 GHz f r eq u en c y b an d s . Hen ce , th e m m W a v e b an d s p r o m is e a m a s s iv e a m o u n t o f u n l icen s ed s p ec tr u m f r o m 2 8 GHz to 3 8 GHz , w h ic h ar e th e m o s t p o ten tial f r eq u e n c y b an d s f o r th e f u t u r e 5 G ce ll u lar s y s te m s . T h e b lu e cir cles s h o w th e a tten u atio n le v els s i m ila r to atten u at io n i n cu r r en t co m m u n icatio n s y s te m s , co m p ar ab ly lar g er th a n t h e g r ee n cir cle. T h e r ed cir cles in d icate f r eq u en c ies w it h h ig h atte n u at io n , th u s v iab l e f o r in d o o r co m m u n icatio n . Conclu sion T h is p ap er h as s t u d ied th e i m p ac t o f at m o s p h er ic i m p air m e n ts o n m m W av e co m m u n ica ti o n i n o u td o o r en v ir o n m e n t . T h e f ea s ib ili t y o f u til izin g t h e m m W av e s p ec tr u m b y a n al y z in g d if f er e n t p r o p ag atio n f ac to r s t o b e co n s id er e d w h ile d esi g n i n g th e m m W av e o u td o o r m o d el i s an al y s ed . I n g en er al th e n o ti o n o f u s i n g m m W a v e f o r ce llu lar co m m u n icatio n is s till i n its ea r l y s ta g es w it h m o r e w o r k t o b e d o n e in n ea r f u t u r e. R e f er ence s [ 1 ] T . R ap p a p o r t et al. , “ Milli m e ter w a v e m o b ile co m m u n icati o n s f o r 5 G ce llu lar : I t w ill wo r k ! ” , I E E E A cc ess , v o l. 1 , p p . 3 3 5 – 3 4 9 , 2 0 1 3 . [ 2 ] Z . P i an d F. K h a n , “ A n i n tr o d u ctio n to m il li m eter - w a v e m o b ile b r o ad b an d s y s te m s , ” I E E E C o mmu n ica tio n Ma g a z in e , v o l. 4 9 , n o . 6 , p p . 1 0 1 – 1 0 7 , J u n . 2 0 1 1 . [ 3 ] Ák o s Far a g ó 1 , P éter Kán to r 1 , J án o s Z . B itó 1 ‘ ‘ R ai n E f f ec ts o n 5 G m il li m eter W av e ad - h o c Me s h Net w o r k s I n v e s tig a ted w it h Di f f er e n t R ain Mo d els ’’ , P erio d ica P o ly tech n ica E lectrica l E n g in ee r in g a n d C o mp u ter S cien c e , 6 0 ( 1 ) , p p . 4 4 - 5 0 , 2 0 1 6 . [ 4 ] Yo n g Ni u , Yo n g L i, Dep en g J in , L i S u , a n d Ath a n as io s V. Vasilak o s , ‘‘ A Su r v e y o f Mi lli m eter W av e ( m m - W av e) C o m m u n ica tio n s f o r 5 G: Op p o r tu n itie s an d C h alle n g es ’’ A va ila b le: h ttp : //a r xiv. o r g /a b s /1 5 0 2 . 0 7 2 2 8 v . [ 5 ] S. Su n , G. R . Ma c C ar tn e y , J r . , an d T . S. 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